Five epistemological stages of awakening in Theravāda Buddhism: cakkhu, ñāṇa, paññā, vijjā та āloka

Abstract

This article investigates the epistemological stages of awakening (bodhi) in Theravāda Buddhism by analyzing a recurring canonical formula containing five pivotal Pali terms: cakkhu (vision), ñāṇa (knowledge), paññā (wisdom), vijjā (liberating insight), and āloka (light). Instead of interpreting these terms as mere synonyms, the study reveals a structured cognitive progression, rooted in both doctrinal context and meditative experience. Central canonical sources – including SN 56.11 (Dhamma-cakkappavattana Sutta), SN 12.10 (Upavāṇa Sutta), and DN 14 (Mahāpadāna Sutta) – present the phrase “cakkhuṁ udapādi” as denoting a transformative realization of the Dhamma. Drawing from traditional exegesis such as the Paṭisambhidāmagga and Buddhaghosa’s Visuddhimagga, the article maps this formula onto a sequential epistemological paradigm. Cakkhu signals the initial breakthrough of spiritual vision. Ñāṇa reflects stabilized cognitive recognition. Paññā indicates profound penetrative discernment. Vijjā emerges as supramundane insight, and āloka symbolizes the radiant clarity that dispels delusion and darkness. The study highlights how this sequence models a Theravāda soteriology where knowing and liberation are inseparable. Each term marks a significant stage of experiential understanding, moving beyond conceptual knowledge into transformative realization. As such, the framework offers a sophisticated account of Buddhist epistemology, rooted in lived meditative insight. Furthermore, the findings contribute to comparative philosophy by illustrating a non-dual approach to knowledge acquisition – one that is simultaneously ethical, cognitive, and existential – culminating in the abandonment of ignorance (avijjā) and the realization of truth (sacca).